Eli nqaku livela kwiWenzhou Tianyu Electronic Co., Ltd. lichaza izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kucaciswa iintsimbi zokuzalisa zokuwelda intsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Amandla okwenza intsimbi engagqwali ibe nomtsalane kangaka - amandla okulungelelanisa iimpawu zayo zoomatshini kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kunye ne-oxidation - akwandisa ubunzima bokukhetha isinyithi esifanelekileyo sokuzalisa ukuze sidibanise. Kuyo nayiphi na indibaniselwano yezinto ezisisiseko, nayiphi na enye yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-electrode ingafaneleka, kuxhomekeke kwimiba yeendleko, iimeko zenkonzo, iimpawu zoomatshini ezifunekayo kunye nemiba emininzi enxulumene nokudityaniswa.
Eli nqaku libonelela ngemvelaphi yobugcisa efunekayo ukunika umfundi ukuqonda ubunzima besihloko, aze emva koko aphendule eminye yemibuzo eqhelekileyo ebuzwa ngababoneleli be-filler metal. Limisela izikhokelo eziqhelekileyo zokukhetha i-stainless steel filler metals ezifanelekileyo - kwaye emva koko lichaza zonke izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwezo zikhokelo! Eli nqaku aligubungeli iinkqubo zokuwelda, njengoko oko kungumxholo welinye inqaku.
Amanqanaba amane, izinto ezininzi zokudibanisa
Kukho iindidi ezine eziphambili zeentsimbi ezingenasici:
i-austenitic
i-martensitic
i-ferritic
I-Duplex
La magama athathwe kwisakhiwo sekristale sentsimbi esiqhele ukufumaneka kubushushu begumbi. Xa intsimbi enekhabhoni ephantsi itshiswa ngaphezu kwe-912degC, iiathom zentsimbi zihlengahlengiswa ukusuka kwisakhiwo esibizwa ngokuba yi-ferrite kubushushu begumbi ukuya kwisakhiwo sekristale esibizwa ngokuba yi-austenite. Xa kupholile, iiathom zibuyela kwisakhiwo sazo sokuqala, i-ferrite. Isakhiwo sobushushu obuphezulu, i-austenite, asinamandla angaphezulu, siplastiki kwaye sinamandla aphantsi kwaye sinamandla amakhulu kunefom ye-ferrite yobushushu begumbi.
Xa i-chromium engaphezulu kwe-16% yongezwa kwintsimbi, isakhiwo sekristale sobushushu begumbi, i-ferrite, siyaqiniswa kwaye intsimbi ihlala ikwimeko ye-ferritic kuwo onke amaqondo obushushu. Kungoko ke igama elithi i-ferritic stainless steel lisetyenziswa kwesi siseko se-alloy. Xa i-chromium engaphezulu kwe-17% kunye ne-nickel eyi-7% yongezwa kwintsimbi, isakhiwo sekristale sobushushu obuphezulu sentsimbi, i-austenite, siyaqiniswa ukuze sihlale kuwo onke amaqondo obushushu ukusuka kwelona liphantsi ukuya kwelokunyibilika phantse.
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yase-Austenitic idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-'chrome-nickel' type, kwaye ii-martensitic kunye nee-ferritic steels zihlala zibizwa ngokuba zii-'straight chrome types'. Ezinye izinto ezixutywayo ezisetyenziswa kwiintsimbi ezingagqwaliyo kunye neentsimbi ze-weld zisebenza njengeziqinisi ze-austenite kwaye ezinye zisebenza njengeziqinisi ze-ferrite. Ezona ziqinisi ze-austenite zibalulekileyo yi-nickel, i-carbon, i-manganese kunye ne-nitrogen. Iziqinisi ze-ferrite yi-chromium, i-silicon, i-molybdenum kunye ne-niobium. Ukulinganisela izinto ezixutywayo kulawula ubungakanani be-ferrite kwisinyithi se-weld.
Ii-Austenitic grades zilungele kwaye zidityaniswa kakuhle kunezo ziqulathe ngaphantsi kwe-5% ye-nickel. Ii-weld joints ezenziwe kwiintsimbi ze-austenitic stainless steels ziqinile, zithambile kwaye ziqinile kwimeko yazo edibeneyo. Azidingi ngokuqhelekileyo ukufudumeza kwangaphambili okanye unyango lobushushu emva kokudityaniswa. Ii-Austenitic grades zimalunga ne-80% yentsimbi ye-stainless steel edibeneyo, kwaye eli nqaku lentshayelelo ligxile kakhulu kuzo.
Itheyibhile 1: Iintlobo zentsimbi engatyiwayo kunye nomxholo wazo we-chromium kunye ne-nickel.
i-tstart{c,80%}
thead{Uhlobo|% I-Chromium|% I-Nickel|Iintlobo}
i-tdata{Austenitic|16 - 30%|8 - 40%|200, 300}
tdata{Martensitic|11 - 18%|0 - 5%|403, 410, 416, 420}
tdata{Ferritic|11 - 30%|0 - 4%|405, 409, 430, 422, 446}
i-tdata{Duplex|18 - 28%|4 - 8%|2205}
thambekela{}
Indlela yokukhetha isinyithi esingenasici esifanelekileyo
Ukuba izinto ezisisiseko kuzo zombini iipleyiti ziyafana, umgaqo wokuqala okhokelayo wawusithi, 'Qala ngokufanisa izinto ezisisiseko.' Oko kusebenza kakuhle kwezinye iimeko; ukuze udibanise uhlobo 310 okanye 316, khetha uhlobo oluhambelanayo lokuzalisa.
Ukuze udibanise izinto ezahlukeneyo, landela lo mgaqo ukhokelayo: 'khetha isizalisi esifanelana nezinto ezixutywe kakhulu.' Ukuze udibanise i-304 ukuya kwi-316, khetha isizalisi se-316.
Ngelishwa, 'umthetho wokufanisa' unezikhetho ezininzi kangangokuba umgaqo ongcono ngulo, Jonga itafile yokukhetha isinyithi esizalisayo. Umzekelo, i-Type 304 yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo yesiseko sentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kodwa akukho mntu ubonelela nge-electrode ye-Type 304.
Indlela yokuwelda i-Type 304 stainless ngaphandle kwe-Type 304 electrode
Ukuze udibanise i-stainless Type 304, sebenzisa i-filler ye-Type 308, njengoko ezinye izinto ezongezelelweyo ze-alloying kwi-Type 308 ziya kuzinzisa ngcono indawo ye-weld.
Nangona kunjalo, i-308L ikwayinto eyamkelekileyo yokuzalisa. Igama elithi 'L' emva kwayo nayiphi na iType libonisa umxholo wekhabhoni ophantsi. I-Type 3XXL stainless inomxholo wekhabhoni oyi-0.03% okanye ngaphantsi, ngelixa i-Type 3XX stainless eqhelekileyo inokuba nomxholo wekhabhoni ophezulu oyi-0.08%.
Ngenxa yokuba isizalisi sohlobo lwe-L siwela kudidi olufanayo nemveliso engeyiyo eye-L, abenzi bezinto banako, kwaye bafanele bacinge kakhulu, ukusebenzisa isizalisi sohlobo lwe-L kuba umxholo omncinci wekhabhoni unciphisa umngcipheko weengxaki zokugqwala phakathi kwegranular. Enyanisweni, ababhali bathi isizalisi sohlobo lwe-L singasetyenziswa kakhulu ukuba abenzi bezinto bahlaziya nje iinkqubo zabo.
Abenzi beemveliso abasebenzisa inkqubo ye-GMAW basenokufuna ukuqwalasela ukusebenzisa i-Type 3XXSi filler, njengoko ukongezwa kwe-silicon kuphucula ukuphuma kwamanzi. Kwiimeko apho i-weld inesithsaba esiphezulu okanye esirhabaxa, okanye apho i-weld puddle ingadibani kakuhle kwiinzwane ze-fillet okanye i-lap joint, ukusebenzisa i-Si Type GMAW electrode kunokuyithambisa i-weld bead kwaye kukhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa okungcono.
Ukuba ukuna kwe-carbide kuyingxaki, cinga nge-Type 347 filler, equlethe inani elincinci le-niobium.
Indlela yokushisela intsimbi engagqwaliyo kwintsimbi yekhabhoni
Le meko yenzeka xa kusetyenzwa apho icandelo elinye lesakhiwo lifuna ubuso bangaphandle obungamelani nokugqwala obudityaniswe nesakhi sentsimbi yekhabhoni ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko. Xa udibanisa izinto ezisisiseko ezingenazo izinto ezidibanisa izinto ezisisiseko nezinto ezidibanisa izinto, sebenzisa isizalisi esixutyiweyo kakhulu ukuze ukuxutywa ngaphakathi kwentsimbi yentsimbi kulingane okanye kuxutywe kakhulu kunentsimbi yesiseko engenasici.
Ukuze udibanise intsimbi yekhabhoni kwiType 304 okanye 316, kunye nokudibanisa iintsimbi ezingenasici ezahlukeneyo, cinga nge-electrode yeType 309L kwiizicelo ezininzi. Ukuba ufuna umxholo ophezulu weCr, cinga ngeType 312.
Njengesilumkiso, iintsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic zibonisa izinga lokwanda elingaphezulu ngama-50 ekhulwini kunelentsimbi yekhabhoni. Xa zidibene, amazinga ahlukeneyo okwanda anokubangela ukuqhekeka ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswa inkqubo efanelekileyo ye-electrode kunye ne-welding.
Sebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokucoca ukulungiswa kwe-weld
Njengakwezinye izinyithi, qala ususe ioyile, igrisi, iimpawu kunye nokungcola ngesinyibilikisi esingenachlorine. Emva koko, umthetho ophambili wokulungiselela i-stainless weld kukuba 'Kuphephe ukungcola okuvela kwintsimbi yekhabhoni ukuthintela ukugqwala.' Ezinye iinkampani zisebenzisa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo 'kwivenkile yazo engenasici' kunye 'nevenkile yekhabhoni' ukuthintela ungcoliseko oludibeneyo.
Khetha amavili okusila kunye neebhrashi ezingenasici njengezinto 'ezingenasici kuphela' xa ulungiselela imiphetho yokuwelda. Ezinye iinkqubo zifuna ukucoca iisentimitha ezimbini ukusuka kwijoyinti. Ukulungiswa kwamalungu nako kubaluleke ngakumbi, njengoko ukuhlawula ukungahambelani nokuguqulwa kwe-electrode kunzima kunangentsimbi yekhabhoni.
Sebenzisa inkqubo echanekileyo yokucoca emva kokushintshwa kwesinyithi ukuze uthintele ukugqwala
Okokuqala, khumbula into eyenza i-stainless steel stainless: indlela i-chromium esabela ngayo kwi-oxygen ukuze yenze umaleko okhuselayo we-chromium oxide kumphezulu wezinto. I-stainless rusts ibangelwa yi-carbide precipitation (jonga ngezantsi) kwaye kuba inkqubo ye-welding ifudumeza i-weld metal ukuya kwinqanaba apho i-ferritic oxide inokwakheka khona kumphezulu we-weld. Ukuba ishiywe ikwimeko ye-welded, i-weld echanekileyo inokubonisa 'imikhondo yenqwelo yomhlwa' kwimida yendawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-24.
Ukuze umaleko omtsha we-chromium oxide ecocekileyo utshintshe ngokufanelekileyo, intsimbi engatyiwayo ifuna ukucocwa emva kokuwelda ngokupolisha, ukukhahlela, ukugaya okanye ukubrasha. Kwakhona, sebenzisa iigrinder kunye neebrashi ezinikezelwe kulo msebenzi.
Kutheni i-stainless steel welding wire inemagnethi?
Intsimbi engenasici e-austenitic ngokupheleleyo ayinamandla ombane. Nangona kunjalo, amaqondo obushushu e-welding enza ingqolowa enkulu kwisakhiwo esincinci, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-weld ibe buthathaka kwiintanda. Ukuze kuncitshiswe ubuthathaka kwiintanda ezishushu, abavelisi be-electrode bongeza izinto zokudibanisa, kuquka i-ferrite. Isigaba se-ferrite sibangela ukuba iintanga ze-austenitic zibe ncinci kakhulu, ngoko ke i-weld iba buthathaka ngakumbi kwiintanda.
Imagnethi ayinamathele kwi-spool ye-austenitic stainless filler, kodwa umntu ophethe imagnethi unokuziva etsalwa kancinci ngenxa ye-ferrite egciniweyo. Ngelishwa, oku kubangela ukuba abanye abasebenzisi bacinge ukuba imveliso yabo ibhalwe kakubi okanye basebenzisa isinyithi esingalunganga sokuzalisa (ingakumbi ukuba bakrazule ilebheli kwibhasikithi yocingo).
Ubungakanani obuchanekileyo be-ferrite kwi-electrode buxhomekeke kubushushu benkonzo yesicelo. Umzekelo, i-ferrite eninzi kakhulu ibangela ukuba i-weld ilahlekelwe bukuqina kwayo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ngoko ke, i-Type 308 filler yesicelo se-LNG piping inenombolo ye-ferrite ephakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-6, xa kuthelekiswa nenombolo ye-ferrite ye-8 ye-Type 308 filler eqhelekileyo. Ngamafutshane, iintsimbi ze-filler zinokubonakala zifana ekuqaleni, kodwa umahluko omncinci kwisakhiwo ubalulekile.
Ngaba ikho indlela elula yokushisela iintsimbi ezingenanto ezimbini?
Ngokwesiqhelo, iintsimbi eziqinileyo ezimbini zinesakhiwo esincinci esiquka malunga ne-50% ye-ferrite kunye ne-50% ye-austenite. Ngamazwi alula, i-ferrite inika amandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lokugqwala ngelixa i-austenite inika ukuqina okuhle. Ezi zigaba zimbini xa zidibene zinika iintsimbi eziqinileyo ezimbini iipropati zazo ezintle. Uluhlu olubanzi lweentsimbi eziqinileyo ezimbini ziyafumaneka, kwaye ezixhaphakileyo ziyi-Type 2205; oku kuqulathe i-22% ye-chromium, i-5% ye-nickel, i-3% ye-molybdenum kunye ne-0.15% ye-nitrogen.
Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-duplex, iingxaki zinokuvela ukuba isinyithi esijiweyo sine-ferrite eninzi kakhulu (ubushushu obuvela kwi-arc bubangela ukuba ii-athomu zizihlele kwi-ferrite matrix). Ukuze kulungiswe, iintsimbi ezizalisayo kufuneka zikhuthaze isakhiwo se-austenitic esinomxholo ophezulu we-alloy, ngesiqhelo i-nickel engaphezulu nge-2 ukuya kwi-4% kune-base metal. Umzekelo, ucingo olune-flux-cored lwe-welding Type 2205 lunokuba ne-nickel eyi-8.85%.
Umxholo we-ferrite ofunekayo ungahluka ukusuka kwi-25 ukuya kwi-55% emva kokuwelda (kodwa unokuba phezulu). Qaphela ukuba izinga lokuphola kufuneka licothe ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela i-austenite ukuba itshintshe, kodwa kungabi kancinci kangangokuba kwenze ii-intermetallic phases, okanye kube ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kangangokuba kwenze i-ferrite engaphezulu kwindawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu. Landela iinkqubo ezicetyiswayo ngumvelisi zenkqubo yokuwelda kunye nentsimbi yokuzalisa ekhethiweyo.
Ukulungiswa kweeparameters xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo
Kwabenzi bokwenza izinto abasoloko belungisa iiparameter (i-voltage, i-amperage, ubude be-arc, i-inductance, ububanzi be-pulse, njl.njl.) xa bedibanisa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, ingxaki eqhelekileyo kukungangqinelani kokwakheka kwesinyithi esizalisa izinto. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kokudibanisa izinto, utshintsho lwe-lot-to-lot kwi-chemical composition lunokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo ekusebenzeni kwe-weld, njengokumanzi kakubi okanye ukukhululwa kwe-slag okunzima. Utshintsho kububanzi be-electrode, ukucoceka komphezulu, i-cast kunye ne-helix nako kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwizicelo ze-GMAW kunye ne-FCAW.
Ukulawula ukuhla kwe-carbide kwintsimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic
Kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-426-871degC, umxholo wekhabhoni ongaphezulu kwe-0.02% ufudukela kwimida yeenkozo zesakhiwo se-austenitic, apho isabela khona ne-chromium ukuze yenze i-chromium carbide. Ukuba i-chromium ibotshelelwe nekhabhoni, ayifumaneki ukuze ixhathise ukugqwala. Xa ivezwe kwindawo enokugqwala, kuvela ukugqwala phakathi kweegranular, okuvumela ukuba imida yeenkozo ityiwe.
Ukulawula ukuna kwe-carbide, gcina umxholo wekhabhoni uphantsi kangangoko (0.04% ubuninzi) ngokuwelda ngee-electrode ezinekhabhoni ephantsi. Ikhabhoni inokubotshelelwa yi-niobium (eyayisakuba yi-columbium) kunye ne-titanium, ezinomdla kakhulu kwikhabhoni kune-chromium. Ii-electrode zohlobo lwe-347 zenzelwe le njongo.
Indlela yokulungiselela ingxoxo malunga nokukhetha isinyithi esizaliswayo
Ubuncinane, qokelela ulwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwenxalenye edibeneyo, kuquka imeko-bume yenkonzo (ingakumbi amaqondo obushushu okusebenza, ukuvezwa kwezinto ezirhabaxa kunye nomlinganiselo wokumelana nokugqwala okulindelekileyo) kunye nobomi benkonzo obufunekayo. Ulwazi malunga neempawu zoomatshini ezifunekayo kwiimeko zokusebenza lunceda kakhulu, kuquka amandla, ukuqina, ukuguquguquka kunye nokudinwa.
Uninzi lwabavelisi bee-electrode abaphambili babonelela ngeencwadi zesikhokelo zokukhetha i-filler metal, kwaye ababhali abanakugxininisa kakhulu kule ngongoma: jonga isikhokelo sezicelo ze-filler metal okanye uqhagamshelane neengcali zobugcisa zomenzi. Bakhona ukunceda ekukhetheni i-electrode yentsimbi engagqwaliyo efanelekileyo.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga neentsimbi ze-TYUE ze-stainless steel filler kunye nokuqhagamshelana neengcali zenkampani ukuze ufumane iingcebiso, yiya ku-www.tyuelec.com.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Disemba-23-2022